Medio ambiente – «La huella energética y de carbono mundial y la difusión de la IA». Un proyecto de contabilidad de la energía y las emisiones. [A l’encontre]

Foto: Jordan Gale/Oregon Capital Chronicle.

La arquitectura Blackwell de NVIDIA, auténtico motor de la revolución de la IA, se compone de dos GPU Blackwell conectadas a una CPU Grace. Una sola GPU Blackwell contiene más de 200 000 millones de transistores, lo que la convierte en el chip más rápido y potente del planeta. Grace se encarga del procesamiento y la coordinación de los datos, desempeñando el papel de director de orquesta, mientras que las GPU tocan a un ritmo frenético todos los instrumentos.

Esquema de un centro de datos típico, es decir, una instalación especializada que alberga amplias filas y armarios de equipos informáticos. Dado que este equipo genera mucho calor cuando está en funcionamiento, los centros de datos están equipados con sofisticados sistemas de refrigeración destinados a evacuar el exceso de calor al exterior, lo que permite que los servidores sigan funcionando sin interrupciones y cumplan su función.

  1. Christian Bogmans et al., “Power Hungry: How AI Will Drive Energy Demand,” International Monetary Fund, April 22, 2025. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2025/081/article-A001-en.xml. ↩
  2. Artículo: «How Hyperscalers are Fueling the Race for 24/7 Clean Power», McKinsey & Company, 18-12-2024. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/electric-power-and-natural-gas/our-insights/how-hyperscalers-are-fueling-the-race-for-24-7-clean-power. ↩
  3. ASML, “Busting ASML myths,” 2022. https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2022/busting-asml-myths. ↩
  4. Sean M. Davis, “Implications of Taiwan’s dependence on imported energy,” Lehigh University, October 29, 2025. https://preserve.lehigh.edu/system/files/derivatives/coverpage/460057.pdf ↩
  5. Arjen Y. Hoekstra, “The hidden water resource use behind meat and dairy,” Animal Frontiers, vol. 2, April 2012, pp. 3-8. https://academic.oup.com/af/article/2/2/3/4638610?login=false. ↩
  6. Miriam Aczel, y al., “Environmental Cost of AI’s Energy Use,” Institute for Water, Environment, and Health, United Nations, 2026. https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:10647/UNU-INWEH-Report-The_Env_Cost_of_AI-2026.pdf. ↩
  7. For a thorough discussion on these issues, see Google DeepMind, “From AGI to ASI,” 12-6-2026. https://deepmind.google/research/publications/239142/. ↩
  8. Hannah Ritchie, “How much energy do data centers and artificial intelligence use?”, Our World in Data, July 20, 2026. https://ourworldindata.org/how-much-energy-do-data-centers-and-artificial-intelligence-use. ↩
  9. Emma Strubell, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew McCallum, “Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP,” Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence, Italy, Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 3645–3650. https://aclanthology.org/P19-1355/. ↩
  10. For a major example, see James O’Donnell and Casey Crownhart, “We did the math on AI’s energy footprint.” MIT Technology Review. May 20, 2025. https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/05/20/1116327/ai-energy-usage-climate-footprint-big-tech/ ↩
  11. Josie Stewart, Brooke Tanner, and Nicol Turner Lee, “As energy demands for AI increase, so should company transparency,” Brookings Institution, July 14, 2025. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/as-energy-demands-for-ai-increase-so-should-company-transparency/. ↩
  12. Udit Gupta et al., “Chasing Carbon: The Elusive Environmental Footprint of Computing,” 2021 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture, February 2021. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9407142. ↩
  13. Sasha Luccioni, Sylvain Viguier, and Anne-Laure Ligozat, “Estimating the Carbon Footprint of BLOOM, a 176B Parameter Language Model,” Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2023. https://www.jmlr.org/papers/v24/23-0069.html. ↩
  14. Alex de Vries, “The growing energy footprint of artificial intelligence,” Joule, vol. 7, October 18, 2023. https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(23)00365-3. ↩
  15. Jesse Dodge et al., “Measuring the Carbon Intensity of AI in Cloud Instances,” Proceedings of the ACM Conference, on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 1877-1894, June 20, 2022. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3531146.3533234. ↩
  16. See Kate Crawford, Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022). ↩
  17. Jonathan Kaiman, “Rare earth mining in China: the bleak social and environmental costs,” The Guardian, March 20, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/rare-earth-mining-china-social-environmental-costs. ↩
  18. Miguel Yañez-Barnuevo, “Data Center Energy Needs Could Upend Power Grids and Threaten the Climate,” Environmental and Energy Study Institute, April 15, 2025. https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/data-center-energy-needs-are-upending-power-grids-and-threatening-the-climate?hl=en-US ↩
  19. Allan Chen, “Data center energy use: truth versus myth,” Berkeley Lab, July 16, 2002. https://www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/data-center-energy-myth.html?hl=en-US ↩
  20. Peter L. Borland, Kevin McDonnell, and Mary Harty, “Assessment of the Potential to Use the Expelled Heat Energy from a Typical Data Centre in Ireland for Alternative Farming Methods,” Energies, vol. 16, 2023. https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/18/6704. ↩
  21. Huwan Peng et al., “Chiplet Cloud: Building AI Supercomputers for Serving Large Generative Language Models,” arXiv, 2023. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.02666. ↩
  22. Rich Miller, “Uptime Institute: The Average PUE is 1.8,” Data Center Knowledge, May 10, 2011. https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/uptime/uptime-institute-the-average-pue-is-1-8?hl=en-US. ↩
  23. Google. “Growing the Internet while reducing energy consumption,” Data Centers. https://datacenters.google/efficiency/?hl=en-US. ↩
  24. See John M Polimeni, Kozo Mayumi, Mario Giampietro, and Blake Alcott, The Myth of Resource Efficiency: The Jevons Paradox (New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2009) pp. 141-172. Also see Richard York and Alexander McGee, “Understanding the Jevons Paradox,” Environmental Sociology, 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Julius-Mcgee/publication/285643149_Understanding_the_Jevons_paradox/links/5bdb72704585150b2b982762/Understanding-the-Jevons-paradox.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail. ↩
  25. Robert B. Gordon. American Iron, 1607-1900 (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2001). ↩
  26. Vaclav Smil, Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001). ↩
  27. R Quentin Grafton et al., “The paradox of irrigation efficiency,” Science, vol. 361, 748-750, 2018. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aat9314. ↩
  28. Daiyaan Arfeen et al., “Nonuniform-Tensor-Parallelism: Mitigating GPU failure impact for Scaled-Up LLM Training,” arXiv, April 8, 2025. https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.06095. ↩
  29. Ibid. ↩
  30. For further details, see Carly Davenport et al., “AI, data centers, and the coming US power demand surge,” Goldman Sachs, April 28, 2024. https://www.goldmansachs.com/pdfs/insights/pages/generational-growth-ai-data-centers-and-the-coming-us-power-surge/report.pdf. ↩
  31. Jared Kaplan et al., “Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models,” arXiv, 2020. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.08361/1000. ↩